Publications

2009

Wave emissions at half electron gyroharmonics in the equatorial plasmasphere region: CLUSTER observations and statistics
- El-Lemdani Mazouz F.
- Rauch Jean-Louis
- Décréau Pierrette
- Trotignon Jean-Gabriel
- Vallières Xavier
- Darrouzet F.
- Canu Patrick
- Suraud X.
Advances in Space Research, Elsevier, 2009, 43 (2), pp.253-264. Intense (n 1/2) fce emissions are a common phenomenon observed in the terrestrial inner magnetosphere. One of their interests is their possible effect in the pitch angle scattering of plasmasheet keV-electron, leading to diffuse auroras. In this paper, we present CLUSTERs point of view about this topic, in the equatorial region of the plasmasphere, via a statistical study using 3 years of data. Spectral characteristics of these waves, which represent an important clue concerning their generation mechanism, are obtained using WHISPER data near perigee. Details on the wave spectral signature are shown in an event study, in particular their splitting in fine frequency bands. The orbit configuration of the four spacecraft offers a complete sampling on all MLT sectors. A higher occurrence rate of the emissions in the dawn sector and their confinement to the geomagnetic equator, pointed out in previous studies, are confirmed and described with additional details. The proximity of emission sites, both to the plasmapause layer and to the geomagnetic equator surface, seems to be of great importance in the behaviour of the (n 1/2) fce wave characteristics. Our study indicates for the first time, that both the intensity of (n 1/2) fce emissions, and the number of harmonic bands they cover, are increasing as the observation point is located further away outside from the plasmapause layer. Moreover, a study of the wave intensity in the first harmonic band (near 3/2 fce) shows higher amplitude for these emissions than previous published values, these emissions can play a role in the scattering of hot electrons. Finally, geomagnetic activity influence, studied via time series of the Dst index preceding observations, indicates that (n 1/2) fce emission events are observed at CLUSTER position under moderate geomagnetic activity conditions, no specific Dst time variation being required. (10.1016/j.asr.2008.06.007)
DOI : 10.1016/j.asr.2008.06.007
Evaluation of whistler-mode chorus intensification on the nightside during an injection event observed on the THEMIS spacecraft
- Li W.
- Thorne R. M.
- Angelopoulos V.
- Bonnell J. W.
- Mcfadden J. P.
- Carlson C. W.
- Le Contel Olivier
- Roux A.
- Glassmeier K.-H.
- Auster H.-U.
Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics, American Geophysical Union/Wiley, 2009, 114. The intensification of the nightside whistler-mode chorus emissions is observed in the low-density region outside the plasmapause during the injection of anisotropic plasma sheet electrons into the inner magnetosphere. Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions During Substorms data of the electron phase space density over the energy range between 0.1 keV and 30 keV are used to develop an analytical model for the distribution of injected suprathermal electrons. The path-integrated gain of chorus waves is then evaluated with the HOTRAY code by tracing whistler-mode chorus waves in a hot magnetized plasma. The simulated wave gain is compared to the observed wave electric field and magnetic field, respectively. The results indicate that lower-energy (<1 keV) plasma sheet electrons can penetrate deeper toward the Earth but cause little chorus intensification, while higher-energy (1 keV to tens of kiloelectron volts) electrons can be injected at relatively higher L-shells and are responsible for the intensification of lower-band and upper-band whistler-mode chorus. Compared to the lower-band chorus, a relatively higher electron anisotropy is required to generate upper-band chorus. In addition, higher plasma density results in stronger wave intensity and a broader frequency band of chorus waves. (10.1029/2008JA013554)
DOI : 10.1029/2008JA013554
Magnetic island formation between large-scale flow vortices at an undulating postnoon magnetopause for northward interplanetary magnetic field
- Cully C. M.
- Larson D. E.
- Ergun R. E.
- Roux A.
- Carlson C. W.
- Eriksson S.
- Hasegawa H.
- Teh W.-L.
- Sonnerup B. U. Ö.
- Mcfadden J. P.
- Glassmeier K.-H.
- Le Contel Olivier
- Angelopoulos V.
Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics, American Geophysical Union/Wiley, 2009, 114. Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms multispacecraft observations are presented for a ~2-h-long postnoon magnetopause event on 8 June 2007 that for the first time indicate that the trailing (sunward) edges of Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) waves are commonly related to small-scale <0.56 R E magnetic islands or flux transfer events (FTE) during the growth phase of these surface waves. The FTEs typically show a characteristic bipolar B N structure with enhanced total pressure at their center. Most of the small-scale FTEs are not related to any major plasma acceleration. TH-A observations of one small FTE at a transition from the low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL) into a magnetosheath plasma depletion layer were reconstructed using separate techniques that together confirm the presence of a magnetic island within the LLBL adjacent to the magnetopause. The island was associated with a small plasma vortex and both features appeared between two large-scale (~1 R E long and 2000 km wide) plasma vortices. We propose that the observed magnetic islands may have been generated from a time-varying reconnection process in a low ion plasma beta (beta i < 0.2) and low 8.3° field shear environment at the sunward edge of the growing KH waves where the local magnetopause current sheet may be compressed by the converging flow of the large-scale plasma vortices as suggested by numerical simulations of the KH instability. (10.1029/2008JA013505)
DOI : 10.1029/2008JA013505
Global Scale-Invariant Dissipation in Collisionless Plasma Turbulence
- Dunlop M. W.
- Sahraoui Fouad
- Kiyani K. H.
- Chapman S. C.
- Khotyaintsev Y. V.
Physical Review Letters, American Physical Society, 2009, 103, pp.075006. A higher-order multiscale analysis of the dissipation range of collisionless plasma turbulence is presented using in situ high-frequency magnetic field measurements from the Cluster spacecraft in a stationary interval of fast ambient solar wind. The observations, spanning five decades in temporal scales, show a crossover from multifractal intermittent turbulence in the inertial range to non-Gaussian monoscaling in the dissipation range. This presents a strong observational constraint on theories of dissipation mechanisms in turbulent collisionless plasmas. (10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.075006)
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.075006
Quasi-thermal noise in space plasma: ``kappa'' distributions
- Le Chat G.
- Issautier K.
- Meyer-Vernet N.
- Zouganelis I.
- Maksimovic M.
- Moncuquet M.
Physics of Plasmas, American Institute of Physics, 2009, 16, pp.102903. The transport of energy in collisionless plasmas, especially in space plasmas, is far from being understood. Measuring the temperature of the electrons and their nonthermal properties can give important clues to understand the transport properties. Quasi-thermal noise (QTN) spectroscopy is a reliable tool for measuring accurately the electron density and temperature since it is less sensitive to the spacecraft perturbations than particle detectors. This work models the plasma QTN using a generalized Lorentzian (``kappa'') distribution function for the electrons. This noise is produced by the quasi-thermal fluctuations of the electrons and by the Doppler-shifted thermal fluctuations of the ions. A sum of two Maxwellian functions has mainly been used for modeling the QTN of the electrons, but the observations have shown that the electrons are better fitted by a kappa distribution function. Pioneer work on QTN calculation only considered integer values of kappa. This paper extends these calculations to real values of kappa and gives the analytic expressions and numerical calculations of the QTN with a kappa distribution function. This paper shows some generic properties and gives some practical consequences for plasma wave measurements in space. (10.1063/1.3243495)
DOI : 10.1063/1.3243495
An Observation Linking the Origin of Plasmaspheric Hiss to Discrete Chorus Emissions
- Bortnik J.
- Li W.
- Thorne R. M.
- Angelopoulos V.
- Cully C. M.
- Bonnell J. W.
- Le Contel Olivier
- Roux A.
Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 2009, 324 (5928), pp.775-778. A long-standing problem in the field of space physics has been the origin of plasmaspheric hiss, a naturally occurring electromagnetic wave in the high-density plasmasphere (roughly within 20,000 kilometers of Earth) that is known to remove the high-energy Van Allen Belt electrons that pose a threat to satellites and astronauts. A recent theory tied the origin of plasmaspheric hiss to a seemingly different wave in the outer magnetosphere, but this theory was difficult to test because of a challenging set of observational requirements. Here we report on the experimental verification of the theory, made with a five-satellite NASA mission. This confirmation will allow modeling of plasmaspheric hiss and its effects on the high-energy radiation environment. (10.1126/science.1171273)
DOI : 10.1126/science.1171273
Electron transport coefficients in mixtures of CF4 and CF2 radicals
- Nikitovic Zd
- Stojanovic Vd
- Booth Jean-Paul
- Petrovic Zl
Plasma Sources Science and Technology, IOP Publishing, 2009, 18, pp.035008. Electron kinetics determines the rate of production of chemically active species in processing plasmas. Precise transport coefficients are needed to describe conditions such as those found in plasma assisted technologies for semiconductor production, but these are affected by the density of free radicals, which in themselves depend on the chemical kinetics. We present transport coefficients for electrons in mixtures of CF4 with CF2 (and we also show similar results for other radicals) for ratios of the electric field to the gas number density E/N from 1 to 1000 Td (1 Td = 10−21 V m2). Our analysis of non-conservative collisions revealed a range of E/N where electron attachment to radicals significantly changes the electron kinetics compared with pure CF4 gas. The results are obtained using simple solutions for Boltzmann's equation and exact Monte Carlo simulations. (10.1088/0963-0252/18/3/035008)
DOI : 10.1088/0963-0252/18/3/035008
Electric propulsion using ion-ion plasmas
- Aanesland Ane
- Meige A.
- Chabert Pascal
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, IOP Science, 2009, 162, pp.012009. Recently, we have proposed to use both positive and negative ions for thrust in an electromagnetic space propulsion system. This concept is called PEGASES for Plasma Propulsion with Electronegative GASES and has been patented by the Ecole Polytechnique in France in 2007. The basic idea is to create a stratified plasma with an electron free (ion-ion plasma) region at the periphery of a highly ionized plasma core such that both positive and negative ions can be extracted and accelerated to provide thrust. As the extracted beam is globally neutral there is no need for a downstream neutralizer. The recombination of positive and negative ions is very efficient and will result in a fast recombination downstream of the thruster and hence there is no creation of a plasma plume downstream. The first PEGASES prototype, designed in 2007, has recently been installed in a small vacuum chamber for preliminary tests in our laboratory and the first results have been presented in several conferences. This paper reviews important work that has been used in the process of designing the first PEGASES prototype. (10.1088/1742-6596/162/1/012009)
DOI : 10.1088/1742-6596/162/1/012009
Cross-scale: multi-scale coupling in space plasmas
- Schwartz S. J.
- Horbury T.
- Owen C.
- Baumjohann W.
- Nakamura R.
- Canu Patrick
- Roux A.
- Sahraoui Fouad
- Louarn P.
- Sauvaud J.-A.
- Pinçon Jean-Louis
- Vaivads A.
- Marcucci M. F.
- Anastasiadis A.
- Fujimoto M.
- Escoubet P.
- Taylor M.
- Eckersley S.
- Allouis E.
- Perkinson M.-C.
Experimental Astronomy, Springer Link, 2009, 23, pp.1001-1015. Most of the visible universe is in the highly ionised plasma state, and most of that plasma is collision-free. Three physical phenomena are responsible for nearly all of the processes that accelerate particles, transport material and energy, and mediate flows in systems as diverse as radio galaxy jets and supernovae explosions through to solar flares and planetary magnetospheres. These processes in turn result from the coupling amongst phenomena at macroscopic fluid scales, smaller ion scales, and down to electron scales. Cross-Scale, in concert with its sister mission SCOPE (to be provided by the Japan Aerospace Exploration AgencyJAXA), is dedicated to quantifying that nonlinear, time-varying coupling via the simultaneous in-situ observations of space plasmas performed by a fleet of 12 spacecraft in near-Earth orbit. Cross-Scale has been selected for the Assessment Phase of Cosmic Vision by the European Space Agency. (10.1007/s10686-008-9085-x)
DOI : 10.1007/s10686-008-9085-x
Shape, size, velocity and field-aligned currents of dayside plasma injections: a multi-altitude study
- Marchaudon Aurelie
- Cerisier Jean-Claude
- Dunlop M.W.
- Pitout Frederic
- Bosqued Jean-Michel
- Fazakerley A. N.
Annales Geophysicae, European Geosciences Union, 2009, 27 (3), pp.1251-1266. On 20 February 2005, Cluster in the outer magnetosphere and Double Star-2 (TC-2) at mid-altitude are situated in the vicinity of the northern cusp/mantle, with Cluster moving sunward and TC-2 anti-sunward. Their magnetic footprints come very close together at about 15:28 UT, over the common field-of-view of SuperDARN radars. Thanks to this conjunction, we determine the velocity, the transverse sizes, perpendicular and parallel to this velocity, and the shape of three magnetic flux tubes of magnetosheath plasma injection. The velocity of the structures determined from the Cluster four-spacecraft timing analysis is almost purely antisunward, in contrast with the antisunward and duskward convection velocity inside the flux tubes. The transverse sizes are defined from the Cluster-TC-2 separation perpendicular to the magnetic field, and from the time spent by a Cluster spacecraft in one structure; they are comprised between 0.6 and 2 RE in agreement with previous studies. Finally, using a comparison between the eigenvectors deduced from a variance analysis of the magnetic perturbation at the four Cluster and at TC-2, we show that the upstream side of the injection flux tubes is magnetically well defined, with even a concave front for the third one giving a bean-like shape, whereas the downstream side is far more turbulent. We also realise the first quantitative comparison between field-aligned currents at Cluster calculated with the curlometer technique and with the single-spacecraft method, assuming infinite parallel current sheets and taking into account the velocity of the injection flux tubes. The results agree nicely, confirming the validity of both methods. Finally, we compare the field-aligned current distribution of the three injection flux tubes at the altitudes of Cluster and TC-2. Both profiles are fairly similar, with mainly a pair of opposite field-aligned currents, upward at low-latitude and downward at high-latitude. In terms of intensity, the field-aligned currents at Cluster are two to three times less intense than at TC-2 for the first two flux tubes, in agreement with magnetic field line convergence. For the third flux tube, the intensity is equal, which is explained by the fact that TC-2 crosses the tube on its edge. Finally, the analysis of the ion and electron moments at Cluster shows that the field-aligned currents result from a small difference between upward ion and electron fluxes. (10.5194/angeo-27-1251-2009)
DOI : 10.5194/angeo-27-1251-2009
Titan's ionosphere in the magnetosheath : Cassini RPWS results during the T32 flyby
- Garnier P.
- Wahlund J.-E.
- Rosenqvist L.
- Modolo Ronan
- Agren K.
- Sergis N.
- Canu Patrick
- Andre M.
- Gurnett D.A.
- Kurth W.S.
- Krimigis S.M.
- Coates A.
- Dougherty M.
- Waite J.H
Annales Geophysicae, European Geosciences Union, 2009, 27 (11), pp.4257-4272. The Cassini mission has provided much information about the Titan environment, with numerous low altitude encounters with the moon being always inside the magnetosphere. The only encounter taking place outside the magnetopause, in the magnetosheath, occurred the 13 June 2007 (T32 flyby). This paper is dedicated to the analysis of the Radio and Plasma Wave investigation data during this specific encounter, in particular with the Langmuir probe, providing a detailed picture of the cold plasma environment and of Titan's ionosphere with these unique plasma conditions. The various pressure terms were also calculated during the flyby. The comparison with the T30 flyby, whose geometry was very similar to the T32 encounter but where Titan was immersed in the kronian magnetosphere, reveals that the evolution of the incident plasma has a significant influence on the structure of the ionosphere, with in particular a change of the exo-ionospheric shape. The electrical conductivities are given along the trajectory of the spacecraft and the discovery of a polar plasma cavity is reported. (10.5194/angeo-27-4257-2009)
DOI : 10.5194/angeo-27-4257-2009
Plasma discharge inside water
- Ceccato P H
- Guaitella Olivier
- Rousseau Antoine
, 2009.
Cascade models in plasma turbulence: The role of sheared flows
- Gürcan Özgür D.
- Garbet X.
- Hennequin Pascale
- Diamond P.H.
- Casati A.
, 2009 (oral).
Plasma sheet circulation pathways
- Moore T. E.
- Fok M.-C. H.
- Delcourt Dominique
- Slinker Steve P.
- Damiano P.
, 2009.
Study of hydrogen plasma in the negative-ion extraction region
- Svarnas P.
- Annaratone B.M.
- Béchu Stéphane
- Pelletier J.
- Bacal M.
Plasma Sources Science and Technology, IOP Publishing, 2009, 18, pp.045010. (10.1088/0963-0252/18/4/045010)
DOI : 10.1088/0963-0252/18/4/045010
Auroral evidence for multiple reconnection in the magnetospheric tail plasma sheet
- Treumann R. A.
- Jaroschek C. H.
- Pottelette Raymond
EPL - Europhysics Letters, European Physical Society / EDP Sciences / Società Italiana di Fisica / IOP Publishing, 2009, 85, pp.49001. We present auroral evidence for multiple and, most probably, small-scale reconnection in the near-Earth magnetospheric plasma sheet current layer during auroral activity. Hall currents as the source of upward and downward field-aligned currents require the generation of the corresponding electron fluxes. The auroral spatial ordering in a multiple sequence of these fluxes requires the assumption of the existence of several ―-and possibly―- even many tailward reconnection sites. (10.1209/0295-5075/85/49001)
DOI : 10.1209/0295-5075/85/49001
Observations of Double Layers in Earth's Plasma Sheet
- Ergun R. E.
- Andersson L.
- Tao J. B.
- Angelopoulos V.
- Bonnell J. W.
- Mcfadden J. P.
- Larson D. E.
- Eriksson S.
- Johansson T.
- Cully C. M.
- Newman D. N.
- Goldman M. V.
- Roux A.
- Le Contel Olivier
- Glassmeier K.-H.
- Baumjohann W.
Physical Review Letters, American Physical Society, 2009, 102, pp.155002. We report the first direct observations of parallel electric fields (E||) carried by double layers (DLs) in the plasma sheet of Earth's magnetosphere. The DL observations, made by the THEMIS spacecraft, have E|| signals that are analogous to those reported in the auroral region. DLs are observed during bursty bulk flow events, in the current sheet, and in plasma sheet boundary layer, all during periods of strong magnetic fluctuations. These observations imply that DLs are a universal process and that strongly nonlinear and kinetic behavior is intrinsic to Earth's plasma sheet. (10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.155002)
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.155002
NO production on pyrex under, and after plasma exposure
- Marinov Daniil
- Guaitella Olivier
- Rousseau Antoine
, 2009.
Mechanisms of filamentary plasma/catalyst coupling for air treatment
- Guaitella Olivier
- Rousseau Antoine
- Allegraud Katia
- Celestin S.
, 2009.
Edge-to-center plasma density ratio in high density plasma sources
- Raimbault Jean-Luc
- Chabert Pascal
Plasma Sources Science and Technology, IOP Publishing, 2009, 18, pp.014017. The flux of positive ions leaving a classical low-temperature plasma discharge is proportional to the plasma density at the plasmasheath edge, and the edge-to-center plasma density ratio, the so-called hl factor, normally depends only on the discharge size and the neutral gas pressure. The ion flux leaving the discharge is therefore linearly proportional to the central plasma density. The hl factor has been previously derived by solving the plasma transport equations over a large pressure range, with the assumption of constant neutral gas density within the discharge. Tonks and Langmuir derived the low pressure (collisionless) solution of this problem in 1929. More recent works have shown that the neutral gas density is no longer constant when the plasma pressure becomes comparable to the neutral gas pressure. In this paper, we solve the plasma transport equations in this new situation and we propose a new expression for the hl factor. It is shown that hl becomes a function of the central plasma density which implies that the ion flux leaving the discharge is no longer proportional to this density. This effect has to be included in particle and energy balance equations used in global models of high density plasma sources. (10.1088/0963-0252/18/1/014017)
DOI : 10.1088/0963-0252/18/1/014017
Kinetics of ignition of saturated hydrocarbons by nonequilibrium plasma : C2H6- to C5H12-containing mixtures
- Kosarev I.N.
- Aleksandrov N.L.
- Kindysheva S.V.
- Starikovskaia Svetlana
- Starikovskii A.Yu.
Combustion and Flame, Elsevier, 2009, 156 (1), pp.221-233. The kinetics of ignition in CnH2n 2:O2:Ar mixtures for n = 2 to 5 has been studied experimentally and numerically after a high-voltage nanosecond discharge. The ignition delay time behind a reflected shock wave was measured with and without the discharge. It was shown that the initiation of the discharge with a specific deposited energy of 1030 mJ/cm3 leads to an order of magnitude decrease in the ignition delay time. Discharge processes and following chain chemical reactions with energy release were simulated. The generation of atoms, radicals and excited and charged particles was numerically simulated using the measured time-resolved discharge current and electric field in the discharge phase. The calculated densities of the active particles were used as input data to simulate plasma-assisted ignition. The sensitivity of the results to variation in electron cross sections, reaction rates and radical composition was investigated. Good agreement was obtained between the calculated ignition delay times and the experimental data. The analysis of the simulation results showed that the effect of nonequilibrium plasma on the ignition delay is associated with faster development of chain reactions, due to atoms and radicals produced by the electron impact dissociation of molecules in the discharge phase. Finally, we studied the role of various hydrocarbon radicals in the plasma-assisted ignition of the mixtures under consideration. (10.1016/j.combustflame.2008.07.013)
DOI : 10.1016/j.combustflame.2008.07.013
Turbulence in the TORE SUPRA Tokamak: Measurements and Validation of Nonlinear Simulations
- Casati A.
- Gerbaud T.
- Hennequin P.
- Heuraux Stéphane
Physical Review Letters, American Physical Society, 2009, 102, pp.165005. Turbulence measurements in TORE SUPRA tokamak plasmas have been quantitatively compared to predictions by nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations. For the first time, numerical results simultaneously match within experimental uncertainty (a) the magnitude of effective heat diffusivity, (b) rms values of density fluctuations, and (c) wave-number spectra in both the directions perpendicular to the magnetic field. Moreover, the nonlinear simulations help to revise as an instrumental effect the apparent experimental evidence of strong turbulence anisotropy at spatial scales of the order of ion-sound Larmor radius.
Time resolved quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy on NO containing pulsed DC discharges
- Welzel S.
- Guaitella Olivier
- Pintassilgo C.D.
- Rousseau Antoine
- Roepcke J.
, 2009.
Unveiling the nature of out-of-equilibrium phase transitions in a system with long-range interactions
- Firpo Marie-Christine
EPL - Europhysics Letters, European Physical Society / EDP Sciences / Società Italiana di Fisica / IOP Publishing, 2009, 88, pp.30010. Recently, there has been some vigorous interest in the out-of-equilibrium quasistationary states (QSSs), with lifetimes diverging with the number N of degrees of freedom, emerging from numerical simulations of the ferromagnetic XY Hamiltonian Mean Field (HMF) starting from some special initial conditions. Phase transitions have been reported between low-energy magnetized QSSs and large-energy unexpected, antiferromagnetic-like, QSSs with low magnetization. This issue is addressed here in the Vlasov N→∞ limit. It is argued that the time-asymptotic states emerging in the Vlasov limit can be related to simple generic time-asymptotic forms for the force field. The proposed picture unveils the nature of the out-of-equilibrium phase transitions reported for the ferromagnetic HMF: this is a bifurcation point connecting an effective integrable Vlasov one-particle time-asymptotic dynamics to a partly ergodic one which means a brutal open-up of the Vlasov one-particle phase space. Illustration is given by investigating the time-asymptotic value of the magnetization at the phase transition, under the assumption of a sufficiently rapid time-asymptotic decay of the transient force field. (10.1209/0295-5075/88/30010)
DOI : 10.1209/0295-5075/88/30010
FLUCTUATION MEASUREMENTS AND THEIR LINK WITH TRANSPORT ON TORE SUPRA
- Sabot R.
- Hennequin Pascale
- Colas L.
Fusion Science and Technology, Taylor & Francis, 2009, 56 (3), pp.1253-1272. Measurement of turbulence properties provides key insight to understand anomalous transport in magnetic fusion devices. On Tore Supra, scattering diagnostics and reflectometers have been used to measure density fluctuations in the plasma core. A cross-polarization scattering diagnostic was also the first diagnostic to measure the turbulence magnetic fluctuations in a fusion plasma core. This paper presents the principle and the experimental setup of these diagnostics, with chosen results illustrating their capabilities to determine the spatial structure of the turbulence and to assess the link between energy transport and fluctuations. These flexible and complementary measurements made it possible to analyze the confinement and fluctuation scaling laws with non-dimensional parameters, which requires a wide variety of plasma conditions.

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