Publications

2011

Multi-spacecraft investigation of space turbulence: lessons from Cluster and input to the Cross- Scale mission
- Sahraoui Fouad
- Goldstein M.L.
- Belmont Gérard
- Roux A.
- Rezeau Laurence
- Canu Patrick
- Robert Patrick
- Cornilleau-Wehrlin Nicole
- Le Contel Olivier
- Dudok de Wit Thierry
- Pinçon Jean-Louis
- Kiyani K.
Planetary and Space Science, Elsevier, 2011, 59 (7), pp.Pages 585-591. Investigating space plasma turbulence from single-point measurements is known to be characterized by unavoidable ambiguities in disentangling temporal and spatial variations. Solving this problem has been one of the major goals of the Cluster mission. For that purpose multipoint measurements techniques, such as the $k$-filtering, have been developed. Such techniques combine several time series recorded simultaneously at different points in space to estimate the corresponding energy density in the wavenumber space. Here we apply the technique to both simulated and Cluster magnetometer data in the solar wind (SW) and investigate the errors and limitations that arise due to the separation of the spacecraft and the quality of the tetrahedral configuration. Specifically, we provide an estimation of the minimum and maximum scales that can be accurately measured given a specific distance between the satellites and show the importance of the geometry of the tetrahedron and the relationship of that geometry to spatial aliasing. We also present recent results on characterizing small scale SW turbulence and provide scientific arguments supporting the need of new magnetometers having better sensitivity than the existing ones. Throughout the paper we emphasize technical challenges and their solutions that can be considered for a better preparation of the Cross- Scale mission. (10.1016/j.pss.2010.06.001)
DOI : 10.1016/j.pss.2010.06.001
Discharge resistance and power dissipation in the self-pulsing regime of micro-hollow cathode discharges
- Lazzaroni Claudia
- Chabert Pascal
Plasma Sources Science and Technology, IOP Publishing, 2011, 20, pp.055004. Micro-hollow cathode discharges (MHCDs), driven by a dc voltage source, may operate in a self-pulsing regime during which the voltage and the current across the discharge are pulsed with a frequency of several tens of kilohertz. A model for the self-pulsing regime of MHCDs is proposed based on an equivalent electrical circuit of the whole device. The discharge itself is modeled by a non-linear resistance in series with an inductance, and it is placed in parallel with the capacitance of the electrodedielectricelectrode sandwich hosting the discharge micro-hole. The capacitance of the coaxial cable used to feed the device is also included. It is shown that a detailed comparison between theory and experiments allows the discharge non-linear resistance to be accurately determined. When the discharge current is maximum, this resistance is about 2500 Ω at 50 Torr and decreases to about 750 Ω at 150 Torr. The absorbed power is calculated throughout the self-pulsing cycle and may be above 100 W at the current peak, while the time-averaged power remains a fraction of a Watt. (10.1088/0963-0252/20/5/055004)
DOI : 10.1088/0963-0252/20/5/055004
On plasma rotation with toroidal magnetic field ripple and no external momentum input
- Fenzi C.
- Garbet X.
- Trier Elisée
- Hennequin Pascale
- Bourdelle C.
- Aniel Thierry
- Colledani G.
- Devynck P.
- Gil C.
- Gürcan Özgür D.
- Manenc L.
- Schneider M.
- Segui J.-L.
- Tore Supra Team
Nuclear Fusion, IOP Publishing, 2011, 51, pp.103038. Ripple-induced thermal loss effect on plasma rotation is investigated in a set of Ohmic L-mode plasmas performed in Tore Supra, and comparisons with neoclassical predictions including ripple are performed. Adjusting the size of the plasma, the ripple amplitude has been varied from 0.5% to 5.5% at the plasma boundary, keeping the edge safety factor constant. The toroidal flow dynamics is understood as being likely dominated by turbulence transport driven processes at low ripple amplitude, while the ripple-induced toroidal friction becomes dominant at high ripple. In the latter case, the velocity tends remarkably towards the neoclassical prediction (counter-current rotation). The radial electric field is not affected by the ripple variation and remains well described by its neoclassical prediction. Finally, the poloidal velocity is of the order of the neoclassical prediction at high ripple amplitude, but significantly departs from it at low ripple. (10.1088/0029-5515/51/10/103038)
DOI : 10.1088/0029-5515/51/10/103038
A generalization of the rocket formula and its application to advanced space propulsion systems
- Nasi L.
- Raimbault Jean-Luc
Acta Astronautica, Elsevier, 2011, 68 (1-2), pp.34-38. A generalized rocket formula is derived from a first principles approach. The resulting expression of the thrust is applied to advanced space propulsion systems and a possible link between the asymptotic propellant velocity and the velocity at thruster exit is given. An estimation of the thrust modification due to spacecraftplume interactions is also considered. (10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.07.015)
DOI : 10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.07.015
Oxidation of NO into NO2 by surface adsorbed O atoms
- Guaitella Olivier
- Hübner M.
- Marinov Daniil
- Guerra V.
- Pintassilgo C.D.
- Welzel S.
- Röpcke J.
- Rousseau Antoine
Contributions to Plasma Physics, Wiley-VCH Verlag, 2011, 51 (2-3), pp.176-181. Plasma-surface interactions are increasingly recognised as a key factor in explaining molecule production and conversion processes. In order to scrutinise such effects well-defined surface and gas phase conditions are required. Hence, the inner surface of a Pyrex tube was treated by a capacitively coupled RF plasma at low pressure. The post-plasma oxidation of gas mixtures containing 1 % NO into NO2 has been studied by means of quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy in the mid-infrared spectral range. The plasma pre-treatment experiments with oxygen containing precursors suggest O atom adsorption on the Pyrex tube with a surface density of 2.7 x 1014 cm2. A simple kinetic model was developed and shows good agreement with the measured NO and NO2 gas phase concentrations. In the model a fraction of the surface is considered to be covered with chemisorption sites where atoms and molecules can be adsorbed, whereas they can be removed only by recombination (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) (10.1002/ctpp.201000068)
DOI : 10.1002/ctpp.201000068
Compressible Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in supermagnetosonic regimes
- Palermo F.
- Faganello M.
- Califano F.
- Pegoraro F.
- Le Contel Olivier
Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics, American Geophysical Union/Wiley, 2011, 116, pp.4223. We investigate the transition from submagnetosonic to supermagnetosonic regimes in the presence of a sheared flow and density variations typically observed between the solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere. In particular, we show the possibility of generating quasi-perpendicular magnetosonic shock structures under typical conditions that can be realized at the magnetosphere flanks. Here the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability generates rolled-up, large- scale vortices that propagate along the flanks of the magnetosphere. The shocks are generated by those vortices for which the magnetosonic Mach number turns out to be of the order of unity or larger. (10.1029/2010JA016400)
DOI : 10.1029/2010JA016400
A mechanism for heating electrons in the magnetopause current layer and adjacent regions
- Roux A.
- Robert Patrick
- Le Contel Olivier
- Angelopoulos V.
- Auster U.
- Bonnell J. W.
- Cully C. M.
- Ergun R. E.
- Mcfadden J. P.
Annales Geophysicae, European Geosciences Union, 2011, 29, pp.2305-2316. Taking advantage of the string-of-pearls configuration of the five THEMIS spacecraft during the early phase of their mission, we analyze observations taken simultaneously in the magnetosheath, the magnetopause current layer and the magnetosphere. We find that electron heating coincides with ultra low frequency waves. It seems unlikely that electrons are heated by these waves because the electron thermal velocity is much larger than the Alfvén velocity (Va). In the short transverse scale (k\botrhoi >> 1) regime, however, short scale Alfvén waves (SSAWs) have parallel phase velocities much larger than Va and are shown to interact, via Landau damping, with electrons thereby heating them. The origin of these waves is also addressed. THEMIS data give evidence for sharp spatial gradients in the magnetopause current layer where the highest amplitude waves have a large component deltaB perpendicular to the magnetopause and k azimuthal. We suggest that SSAWs are drift waves generated by temperature gradients in a high beta, large Ti/Te magnetopause current layer. Therefore these waves are called SSDAWs, where D stands for drift. SSDAWs have large k\bot and therefore a large Doppler shift that can exceed their frequencies in the plasma frame. Because they have a small but finite parallel electric field and a magnetic component perpendicular to the magnetopause, they could play a key role at reconnecting magnetic field lines. The growth rate depends strongly on the scale of the gradients; it becomes very large when the scale of the electron temperature gradient gets below 400 km. Therefore SSDAW's are expected to limit the sharpness of the gradients, which might explain why Berchem and Russell (1982) found that the average magnetopause current sheet thickness to be ~400-1000 km (~500 km in the near equatorial region). (10.5194/angeo-29-2305-2011)
DOI : 10.5194/angeo-29-2305-2011
Ion acceleration in antiparallel collisionless magnetic reconnection: Kinetic and fluid aspects
- Aunai Nicolas
- Belmont Gérard
- Smets Roch
Comptes Rendus. Physique, Académie des sciences (Paris), 2011, 12, pp.141-150. Not Available (10.1016/j.crhy.2010.11.004)
DOI : 10.1016/j.crhy.2010.11.004
Evolution of micro-turbulence characteristics with collisionality at the tokamak core-edge interface
- Vermare Laure
- Hennequin Pascale
- Gürcan Özgür D.
- Honoré Cyrille
- Berionni Vincent
- Bourdelle C.
- Casati A.
- Clairet F.
- Garbet X.
- Giacalone J-C.
- Sabot R.
- Tore Supra Team
, 2011, oral.
Modeling the superstorm in November 2003
- Fok M.-C. H.
- Moore T. E.
- Slinker Steve P.
- Fedder Joel A.
- Delcourt Dominique C.
- Nosé Masahito
- Chen Sheng-Hsien
Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics, American Geophysical Union/Wiley, 2011, 116. The superstorm on 20-21 November 2003 was the largest geomagnetic storm in solar cycle 23 as measured by Dst, which attained a minimum value of -422 nT. We have simulated this storm to understand how particles originating from the solar wind and ionosphere get access to the magnetosphere and how the subsequent transport and energization processes contribute to the buildup of the ring current. The global electromagnetic configuration and the solar wind H distribution are specified by the Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry (LFM) magnetohydrodynamics model. The outflow of H and O ions from the ionosphere are also considered. Their trajectories in the magnetosphere are followed by a test-particle code. The particle distributions at the inner plasma sheet established by the LFM model and test-particle calculations are then used as boundary conditions for a ring current model. Our simulations reproduce the rapid decrease of Dst during the storm main phase and the fast initial phase of recovery. Shielding in the inner magnetosphere is established at early main phase. This shielding field lasts several hours and then breaks down at late main phase. At the peak of the storm, strong penetration of ions earthward to L shell of 1.5 is revealed in the simulation. It is surprising that O is significant but not the dominant species in the ring current in our calculation for this major storm. It is very likely that substorm effects are not well represented in the models and O energization is underestimated. Ring current simulation with O energy density at the boundary set comparable to Geotail observations produces excellent agreement with the observed symH. As expected in superstorms, ring current O is the dominant species over H during the main to midrecovery phase of the storm. (10.1029/2010JA015720)
DOI : 10.1029/2010JA015720
Whistler eigenmodes of magnetic flux tubes in a magnetoplasma
- Kudrin A. V.
- Bakharev P. V.
- Zaboronkova T. M.
- Krafft C.
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, IOP Publishing, 2011, 53, pp.065005. Guided propagation of whistler waves along cylindrical non-uniformities of a dc magnetic field is studied within the framework of a full-wave approach. Conditions are revealed under which such guiding structures, commonly known as magnetic flux tubes, can support volume and surface eigenmodes in the whistler range. The dispersion properties and field structures of whistler eigenmodes guided by flux tubes with an enhanced magnetic field are calculated and analysed for plasma parameters typical of laboratory experiments. The results obtained are useful in understanding the basic features of whistler wave guidance by magnetic flux tubes and can be applied to interpreting the data of the relevant experiments. (10.1088/0741-3335/53/6/065005)
DOI : 10.1088/0741-3335/53/6/065005
Vibrational relaxation of N2 studied by IR titration with time-resolved Qantum Cascade Laser diagnostics
- Marinov Daniil
- Lopatik D.
- Guaitella Olivier
- Roepcke J.
- Rousseau Antoine
, 2011.
Stochastic treatment of finite-N effects in mean-field systems and its application to the lifetimes of coherent structures
- Ettoumi Wahb
- Firpo Marie-Christine
Physical Review E, American Physical Society (APS), 2011, 84, pp.030103(R). A stochastic treatment yielding to the derivation of a general Fokker-Planck equation is presented to model the slow convergence toward equilibrium of mean-field systems due to finite-N effects. The thermalization process involves notably the disintegration of coherent structures that may sustain out-of-equilibrium quasistationary states. The time evolution of the fraction of particles remaining close to a mean-field potential trough is analytically computed. This indicator enables to estimate the lifetime of coherent structures and thermalization time scale in mean-field systems. (10.1103/PhysRevE.84.030103)
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.84.030103
The proton pressure tensor as a new proxy of the proton decoupling region in collisionless magnetic reconnection
- Aunai Nicolas
- Retinò Alessandro
- Belmont Gérard
- Smets Roch
- Lavraud B.
- Vaivads A.
Annales Geophysicae, European Geosciences Union, 2011, 29, pp.1571-1579. Cluster data is analyzed to test the proton pressure tensor variations as a proxy of the proton decoupling region in collisionless magnetic reconnection. The Hall electric potential well created in the proton decoupling region results in bounce trajectories of the protons which appears as a characteristic variation of one of the in-plane off-diagonal components of the proton pressure tensor in this region. The event studied in this paper is found to be consistent with classical Hall field signatures with a possible 20% guide field. Moreover, correlations between this pressure tensor component, magnetic field and bulk flow are proposed and validated, together with the expected counterstreaming proton distribution functions. (10.5194/angeo-29-1571-2011)
DOI : 10.5194/angeo-29-1571-2011
Proton acceleration in antiparallel collisionless magnetic reconnection: Kinetic mechanisms behind the fluid dynamics
- Aunai Nicolas
- Belmont Gérard
- Smets Roch
Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics, American Geophysical Union/Wiley, 2011, 116, pp.9232. This paper investigates the proton kinetic mechanisms leading to the formation of plasma jets in antiparallel magnetic reconnection. In particular, the interaction of the protons with the Hall electric field in the proton non-ideal region is discussed. The study, based on a two-dimensional hybrid simulation, details the important role of the proton pressure force in the acceleration process and its role in maintaining open and steady the proton outflow channel. When no fluid closure is assumed, it is found that this force arises from a strong anisotropy in velocity space which comes from kinetic effect. By analyzing the distribution functions and the individual particle dynamics, it is shown that the mixing of protons bouncing in a divergent electrostatic potential well associated to the Hall effect statistically couples the two in-plane velocity components of the particles. This coupling results, from the macroscopic point of view, in off-diagonal components of the pressure tensor. (10.1029/2011JA016688)
DOI : 10.1029/2011JA016688
Predator prey oscillations in a simple cascade model of drift wave turbulence
- Berionni Vincent
- Gürcan Özgür D.
Physics of Plasmas, American Institute of Physics, 2011, 18, pp.112301. A reduced three shell limit of a simple cascade model of drift wave turbulence, which emphasizes nonlocal interactions with a large scale mode, is considered. It is shown to describe both the well known predator prey dynamics between the drift waves and zonal flows and to reduce to the standard three wave interaction equations. Here, this model is considered as a dynamical system whose characteristics are investigated. The analytical solutions for the purely nonlinear limit are given in terms of the Jacobi elliptic functions. An approximate analytical solution involving Jacobi elliptic functions and exponential growth is computed using scale separation for the case of unstable solutions that are observed when the energy injection rate is high. The fixed points of the system are determined, and the behavior around these fixed points is studied. The system is shown to display periodic solutions corresponding to limit cycle oscillations, apparently chaotic phase space orbits, as well as unstable solutions that grow slowly while oscillating rapidly. The period doubling route to transition to chaos is examined. (10.1063/1.3656953)
DOI : 10.1063/1.3656953
Collisionality scaling in Tore Supra: detailed energy confinement analysis, turbulence measurements and gyrokinetic modelling
- Bourdelle C.
- Gerbaud T.
- Vermare Laure
- Casati A.
- Aniel Thierry
- Artaud J.F.
- Basiuk Vincent
- Bucalossi J.
- Clairet F.
- Corre Y.
- Devynck P.
- Falchetto G.
- Fenzi C.
- Garbet X.
- Guirlet R.
- Gürcan Özgür D.
- Heuraux S.
- Hennequin Pascale
- Hoang G.T.
- Imbeaux Frédéric
- Manenc L.
- Monier-Garbet P.
- Moreau P.
- Sabot R.
- Segui J.-L.
- Sirinelli A.
- Villegas D.
- Tore Supra Team
Nuclear Fusion, IOP Publishing, 2011, 51, pp.063037. This paper presents the first observation of geodesic acoustic modes (GAMs) on Tore Supra plasmas. Using the Doppler backscattering system, the oscillations of the plasma flow velocity, localized between r/a = 0.85 and r/a = 0.95, and with a frequency, typically around 10 kHz, have been observed at the plasma edge in numerous discharges. When the additional heating power is varied, the frequency is found to scale with Cs/R. The MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm is employed to access the temporal evolution of the perpendicular velocity of density fluctuations. The method is presented in some detail, and is validated and compared against standard methods, such as the conventional fast Fourier transform method, using a synthetic signal. It stands out as a powerful data analysis method to follow the Doppler frequency with a high temporal resolution, which is important in order to extract the dynamics of GAMs. (10.1088/0029-5515/51/6/063037)
DOI : 10.1088/0029-5515/51/6/063037
Wavenumber spectrum of micro-turbulence in tokamak plasmas / Spectre en nombre d'onde de la micro-turbulence dans les plasmas de tokamak
- Vermare Laure
- Gürcan Özgür D.
- Hennequin Pascale
- Honoré Cyrille
- Garbet X.
- Giacalone J-C.
- Sabot R.
- Clairet F.
- Tore Supra Team
Comptes Rendus. Physique, Académie des sciences (Paris), 2011, 12 (2), pp.115 - 122. A better understanding of turbulent transport in a tokamak plasma requires precise comparisons between experimental observation and theoretical prediction of micro-turbulence characteristics. The repartition of fluctuation energy over different spatial scales, which contains detailed information about the character of underlying instabilities and the mechanisms involved in energy transfer between different scales, is one of the few quantities allowing a high detail comparison. The present article reports the investigation performed on the Tore Supra tokamak on the wavenumber spectrum of micro-turbulence using Doppler backscattering. The theoretical approach consists of the derivation of spectral models that include interactions between fluctuations and large scale flow structures. Une meilleure compréhension du transport turbulent dans les plasmas de tokamak exige des comparaisons précises entre les observations expérimentales et les prédictions théoriques des caractéristiques de la micro-turbulence. La répartition de lʼénergie des fluctuations sur les différentes échelles spatiales, qui contient des informations sur le type instabilités sous-jacentes et sur les mécanismes de transfert dʼénergie entre échelles spatiales, est lʼune des rares quantités permettant une comparaison de niveau élevé. Cet article présente le travail mené sur le tokamak Tore Supra sur lʼétude du spectre en nombre dʼonde de la micro-turbulence mesuré par rétro-diffusion Doppler. Lʼapproche théorique consiste en la dérivation de modéles spectraux qui inclut les interactions entre les fluctuations et les structures dʼécoulement de grandes échelles. (10.1016/j.crhy.2010.11.003)
DOI : 10.1016/j.crhy.2010.11.003
Triple Q : A three channel quantum cascade laser absorption spectrometer for fast multiple species concentration measurements
- Hübner M.
- Welzel S.
- Marinov Daniil
- Guaitella Olivier
- Glitsch S.
- Rousseau Antoine
- Röpcke J.
Review of Scientific Instruments, American Institute of Physics, 2011, 82, pp.093102. A compact and transportable three channel quantum cascade laser system (TRIPLE Q) based on mid-infrared absorption spectroscopy has been developed for time-resolved plasma diagnostics. The TRIPLE Q spectrometer encompasses three independently controlled quantum cascade lasers (QCLs), which can be used for chemical sensing, particularly for gas phase analysis of plasmas. All three QCLs are operated in the intra-pulse mode with typical pulse lengths of the order of 150 ns. Using a multiplexed detection, a time resolution shorter than 1 μs can be achieved. Hence, the spectrometer is well suited to study kinetic processes of multiple infrared active compounds in reactive plasmas. A special data processing and analysis technique has been established to account for time jitter effects of the infrared emission of the QCLs. The performance of the TRIPLE Q system has been validated in pulsed direct current plasmas containing N2O/air and NO2/air. (10.1063/1.3633952)
DOI : 10.1063/1.3633952
Successive Nanosecond Discharges in Water
- Marinov Ilya
- Guaitella Olivier
- Rousseau Antoine
- Starikovskaia Svetlana
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2011, 39 (11), pp.2672-2673. Successive discharges of alternating polarities in distilled water have been studied. Cathode-initiated discharges develop in two possible configurations: slow and weakly luminescent bushlike mode or fast and luminous treelike mode with well-pronounced branching. Under our experimental conditions, the two modes originate with approximately equal probability. Positive discharge demonstrates only one discharge morphology with two hemispherical weakly luminescent structures. Successive negative pulse results in the formation of one of the negative modes, bushlike or treelike. (10.1109/TPS.2011.2147337)
DOI : 10.1109/TPS.2011.2147337
Observation and theoretical modeling of electron scale solar wind turbulence
- Sahraoui Fouad
- Goldstein M. L.
- Abdul-Kader K.
- Belmont Gérard
- Rezeau Laurence
- Robert Patrick
- Canu Patrick
Comptes Rendus. Physique, Académie des sciences (Paris), 2011, 12 (2), pp.132-140. Turbulence at MagnetoHydroDynamics (MHD) scales in the solar wind has been studied for more than three decades, using data analysis, theoretical and numerical modeling. However, smaller scales have not been explored until very recently. Here, we review recent results on the first observation of cascade and dissipation of the solar wind turbulence at the electron scales. Thanks to the high resolution magnetic and electric field data of the Cluster spacecraft, we computed the spectra of turbulence up to (in the spacecraft reference frame) and found evidence of energy dissipation around the Doppler-shifted electron gyroscale . Before its dissipation, the energy is shown to undergo two cascades: a Kolmogorov-like cascade with a scaling above the proton gyroscale, and a new cascade at the sub-proton and electron gyroscales. Above the spectrum has a steeper power law down to the noise level of the instrument. Solving numerically the linear MaxwellVlasov equations combined with recent theoretical predictions of the Gyro-Kinetic theory, we show that the present results are consistent with a scenario of a quasi-two-dimensional cascade into Kinetic Alfvén modes (KAW). New analyses of other data sets, where the Cluster separation (of about ) allowed us to explore the sub-proton scales using the k-filtering technique, and to confirm the 2D nature of the turbulence at those scales. (10.1016/j.crhy.2010.11.008)
DOI : 10.1016/j.crhy.2010.11.008
Lower hybrid resonances stimulated by the four CLUSTER relaxation sounders deep inside the plasmasphere: observations and inferred plasma characteristics
- Kougblénou S
- Lointier G
- Décréau Pierrette
- Trotignon Jean-Gabriel
- Rauch Jean-Louis
- Vallières Xavier
- Canu Patrick
- Masson A
- Pickett J
Annales Geophysicae, European Geosciences Union, 2011, 29, pp.2003–2018. The frequency range of the WHISPER relaxation sounder instrument on board CLUSTER, 4–80 kHz, has been chosen so as to encompass the electron gyro-frequency, F ce , and the electron plasma frequency, F p , in most regions to be explored. Measurement of those frequencies, which are triggered as resonances by the sounder, provides a direct estimation of in situ fundamental plasma characteristics: electron density and magnetic field intensity. In the late mission phase, CLUSTER penetrated regions deep inside the plas-masphere where F ce and F p are much higher than the upper frequency of the sounder's range. However, they are of the right order of magnitude as to place the lower hybrid frequency , F lh , in the 4–15 kHz band. This characteristic frequency , placed at a resonance of the medium, is triggered by the sounder's transmitter and shows up as an isolated peak in the received spectrum, not present in spectra of naturally occuring VLF waves. This paper illustrates, from analysis of case events, how measured F lh values give access to a plasma diagnostic novel of its kind. CLUSTER, travelling along its orbit, encounters favourable conditions where F ce is increasing and F p decreasing, such that F ce /F p increases from values below unity to values above unity. Measured F lh values thus give access, in turn, to the effective mass, M eff , indicative of plasma ion composition, and to the core plasma-sphere electron density value, a parameter difficult to measure. The analysed case events indicate that the estimated quantities (M eff in the 1.0–1.4 range, N e in the 5 × 10 2 – 10 4 cm −3 range) are varying with external factors (altitude, L value, geomagnetic activity) in a plausible way. Although covering only a restricted region (mid-latitude, low altitude inner plasmasphere), these measurements are available, since Correspondence to: S. Kougblénou (sena.kougblenou@cnrs-orleans.fr) late 2009, for all CLUSTER perigee passes not affected by eclipses (on average, roughly a third of a total of ∼200 passes per year) and offer multipoint observations previously unavailable in this region. (10.5194/angeo-29-2003-2011)
DOI : 10.5194/angeo-29-2003-2011
Control of Nanocrystalline Silicon Growth Phase and Deposition Rate through Voltage Waveform Tailoring during PECVD
- Johnson E.V.
- Pouliquen S.
- Delattre Pierre-Alexandre
- Booth Jean-Paul
MRS Online Proceedings Library, Cambridge University Press, 2011, 1339, pp.mrss11-1339-s04-5. The use of Voltage Waveform Tailoring (VWT) that is the use of non-sinusoidal waveforms with a period equivalent to RF frequencies is shown to be effective in modifying the electric field distribution in a parallel plate, capacitively coupled laboratory plasma deposition reactor, and thus in changing the growth mode of silicon thin films from amorphous to nanocrystalline. The use of the VWT technique allows one to decouple the power injected into the plasma from the ion-bombardment energy at the film surface without changing any other deposition parameters, such as pressure or gas mixture. Material results are presented for an H2/SiH4 gas composition. A peaks type waveform increases the ion-bombardment energy at the RF electrode and reduces it at the substrate, resulting in more nanocrystalline growth. The use of a valleys-type waveform has the opposite effect, and results in more amorphous growth. We show the dependence of the process on silane dilution and pressure, including results on changes to the deposition rate when changing the excitation voltage waveform. (10.1557/opl.2011.993)
DOI : 10.1557/opl.2011.993
INCLINE - Inductively coupled plasma for CMOS-compatible etching of III-V integrated laser sources
- Bouchoule S.
- Gatilova L.
- Patriarche G.
- Guilet S.
- Le Gratiet L.
- Vallier L.
- Chabert Pascal
- Booth Jean-Paul
- Chanson R.
- Rhallabi A.
- Cardinaud C.
- Rojo-Romeo P.
- Leclercq J.-L.
- Letartre X.
, 2011.
Physics of Radio-Frequency Plasmas
- Chabert Pascal
- Braithwaite Nicholas
, 2011. Low-temperature radio frequency plasmas are essential in various sectors of advanced technology, from micro-engineering to spacecraft propulsion systems and efficient sources of light. The subject lies at the complex interfaces between physics, chemistry and engineering. Focusing mostly on physics, this book will interest graduate students and researchers in applied physics and electrical engineering. The book incorporates a cutting-edge perspective on RF plasmas. It also covers basic plasma physics including transport in bounded plasmas and electrical diagnostics. Its pedagogic style engages readers, helping them to develop physical arguments and mathematical analyses. Worked examples apply the theories covered to realistic scenarios, and over 100 in-text questions let readers put their newly acquired knowledge to use and gain confidence in applying physics to real laboratory situations.

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