Publications

2015

Streamers", "Bullets", and "Filaments", the ionization waves in the laboratory and their similarities with atmospheric phenomena
- Guaitella Olivier
- Bourdon Anne
, 2015.
Dynamics and structure of atmospheric pressure discharges in capillary tubes
- Bourdon Anne
, 2015.
PCA modeling of the L-shell Copper X-pinch plasma produced by the compact generator of ecole polytechnique
- Larour Jean
- Arantchouk Léonid
- Yilmaz M. F.
- Eleyan Alaa
- Danisman Y.
, 2015, pp.3P-93. Principal Component Analysis is applied and compared with the line ratios of special Ne-like transitions for investigating the electron beam effects on the L-shell Cu synthetic spectra1. The database for the principal component extraction is created over a non-LTE collisional radiative L-shell Copper model2. The extracted principal components are used as a database for Artificial Neural Network in order to estimate the plasma electron temperature, density and beam fractions from a representative time integrated spatially resolved L-Shell Cu X-pinch plasma spectrum3,4. The spectrum is produced by the explosion of 25-μm Cu wires on a compact LC (40 kV, 200 kA, 200 ns) generator5. The modeled plasma electron temperatures are about Te~125 eV and Ne=7×1019 cm-3 in the presence of the fraction of the beams with f~0.01 and centered energy of ~10 keV. (10.1109/PLASMA.2015.7179878)
DOI : 10.1109/PLASMA.2015.7179878
Low inductance switches for pulsed magnetization of hot plasmas
- Larour Jean
- Auvray Philippe
- Moustaizis Stavros
- Lalousis P.
, 2015, pp.2P-121. For the burning process of high density (about 1018cm-3) high temperature (tens of keV) plasma, the trapping by a high mirror-like magnetic field is a challenging objective. Numerical simulations1-3 may lead to conceptual designs of relatively large magnetized volumes (cm3) at large magnetic field (10 to 100T) with a tailored spatial profile. Taking the example of a Compact Magnetic Fusion (CMF) device3, 4 driven by ultra-short, high intensity laser beam interaction with cluster or solid targets, we present a pulsed power device capable of feeding a single turn coil at the level of 100s of kA and μs duration. The key component is a low inductance switch which will be described, paying attention to the triggering process, the plasma characterization, the B-field metrology and its scalability. The proposed device will be discussed in comparison with other solutions from the literature. (10.1109/PLASMA.2015.7179663)
DOI : 10.1109/PLASMA.2015.7179663
Load current pulse shaping on a nanosecond PFL-based accelerator using dynamic LCM technique
- Chuvatin Alexandre S.
- d'Almeida Thierry
- Lassalle Francis
- Kantsyrev Viktor L.
- Safronova Alla S.
- Shrestha I. K.
- Shlyaptseva V. V.
- Stafford A.
- Weller Michael E.
, 2015, pp.1D-2. Oral presentation Load Current Multiplier (LCM) continues to be successfully applied on Zebra at UNR. Here we consider further, expanded applications of LCM. Time-shaping of magnetic pressures on pulsed facilities is useful for such a number of High Energy Density Physics (HEDP) applications such as dynamic material properties studies1,2, high gain ICF research3 and instability growth studies4. The Dynamic LCM (DLCM) technique was recently developed for profiling the dynamic pressure ramp with good reproducibility on the microsecond SPHYNX generator (left plot)2. The present report analyses applications of this technique on Pulse Forming Line (PFL) nanosecond generators. The right plot presents simulated load currents Id and load liner accelerations ad for a 0.2 Ω PFL with the voltage Veq. without (dashed lines) and with (solid lines) DLCM for the imploding solid-state load of Ref. 2. DLCM here is an additional compact (5×10 cm) hardware installed between the PFL and the load with an imploding annular plasma shell inside. We report circuit analysis and MHD simulations that identify critical DLCM and load configuration parameters allowing to control the load current ramp. We demonstrate that not only the load magnetic pressure time-dependence can be controlled in the HEDP loads above but also the load current amplitude can be increased with respect to the direct PFL-driven case (right plot). (10.1109/PLASMA.2015.7179512)
DOI : 10.1109/PLASMA.2015.7179512
Imaging, shadowgraphy and emission of plasma in liquids
- Rousseau Antoine
, 2015.
Two-color interferometry for the study of laser filamentation triggered discharges in air
- Point Guillaume
- Brelet Yohann
- Arantchouk Léonid
- Carbonnel Jérôme
- Prade Bernard S.
- Mysyrowicz André
- Houard Aurélien
, 2015, pp.3D-4. Summary form only given. Laser filamentation triggered electric discharges are very promising in view of their numerous applications such as the laser lightning rod, plasma aerodynamic control, high-power closing switches and plasma antennas. However, the development and maturation of these technologies rely on a good knowledge of the plasma parameters. To this purpose, we developed an interferometric diagnostic for electron density. However, as the discharge heats the medium, strong hydrodynamic effects emerge and lead to a non-negligible contribution of bound electrons to the plasma refractive index. We consequently record this index simultaneously at two different wavelengths to discriminate between the free and bound electron contributions, so-called two-color interferometry. The interferometer is built in a standard Mach-Zehnder configuration. We use a 8 ns-full width at half maximum Nd:YAG laser to probe the plasma at both 532 and 1064 nm in a transverse geometry. CCD cameras with a 10 μm pixel size are used to record both interferograms at the same time. Phase recovery from interferograms is done using a 1D continuous wavelet transform algorithm coupled to a cost function routine. Phase unwrapping is done following a noncontinuous path of decreasing reliability. Finally, a Fourier-Hankel Abel inversion algorithm allows recovering electron and neutral radial density profiles. The interferometer is demonstrated on ~40 A sparks triggered by femtosecond filamentation. The limiting phase noise of the interferometer is estimated to be 30 mrad RMS at 532 nm. (10.1109/plasma.2015.7179775)
DOI : 10.1109/plasma.2015.7179775
Evolution of a laser filamentation triggered electric discharge in air
- Point G.
- Arantchouk Léonid
- Carbonnel Jérôme
- Mysyrowicz André
- Houard Aurélien
, 2015, pp.7C-3. Summary form only given. Laser filamentation guided electric discharges have many interesting applications, among which are the laser lightning rod, plasma aerodynamic control, high-power closing switches and plasma antennas. The latter cases rely on a precise control of the discharge plasma lifetime, either to adapt the switch or antenna on-state time to the current situation. In this work, we study the link between the temporal evolution of a laser filamentation triggered discharge plasma column and the discharge current waveform. The centimeter long plasma is generated by the discharge of a 2 nF capacitor charged to 15 kV, yielding a constant electric energy of 200 mJ. Various ballast resistances ranging from 400 to 10 Ω allow modifying the current waveform in the monopolar regime. A 29 μH coil can also be used to bring the circuit in the oscillatory regime. Plasma is characterized by means of two-color interferometry, enabling us to extract space and time-resolved electron density and neutral density radial profiles. We found that, in the monopolar regime, as the current pulse amplifies and shortens, electron density decay becomes dominated by electron-ion recombination, while low-current impulses result in a plasma decay closely related to the current waveform. Longer plasma lifetime is achieved using strong and short current pulses. As for the oscillatory regime, we show that in this case the plasma has a very slow decay, resulting in more favorable conditions for the generation of long lived plasma columns. (10.1109/plasma.2015.7180005)
DOI : 10.1109/plasma.2015.7180005
Ultra broad-band high sensitivity absorption spectroscopy of inductively-coupled plasmas in Cl<SUB>2</SUB>/O<SUB>2</SUB> mixtures
- Booth Jean-Paul
- Foucher Mickaël
- Marinov Daniil
- Chabert Pascal
, 2015.
Modeling experiments of new compact hohlraum configuration with multiple parallel-driven x-ray sources with application of VisRad code
- Shlyaptseva V. V.
- Kantsyrev Viktor L.
- Safronova Alla S.
- Shrestha Ishor
- Cooper M. C.
- Stafford A.
- Chuvatin Alexandre S.
, 2015. A new compact Z-pinch x-ray hohlraum design with multiple parallel-driven x-ray sources was jointly proposed by the Sandia National Laboratories and the University of Nevada [1]. The first proof-of-principle experimental demonstration of the full configuration of this compact hohlraum with central reemission target and tailored shine shields (to provide a symmetric temperature distribution on the target) was achieved at the 1.7 MA UNR Zebra generator [2]. VisRad (PRISM Computational Sciences Co.), a 3-D view factor code, is used to simulate the multi-dimensional radiation environment within this new compact hohlraum configuration that incorporates multiple compact (mm-scale) planar wire array (PWA) x-ray sources that surround a reemission target in the center of the hohlraum cavity, allowing a reduction of hohlraum surface area and potentially providing a hotter x-ray environment. View factor modeling is a valuable design tool, allowing us to improve rapidly on experimental design and to demonstrate the feasibility of the concept for hohlraum and ICF studies on a 1-2 MA university-scale pulsed power platform. Double-PWA sources (DPWA) were modeled and used in experiments due to much better pulse shaping properties compared with single PWAs. Also, we are taking into account that the W DPWA is an anisotropic x-ray source and maximum radiation is emitted in the direction parallel to the wire planes. Different versions of compact hohlraum with two W DPWA sources and central cavity between them were analyzed using VisRad code. Simulations have predicted a reemission plastic target radiation temperature Trad ~ 39eV, showing good correlation to experimental data 37 3 eV The possibility of optimization of new compact configuration was demonstrated by changing relative volume of central cavity. Special emphasis is made on Trad uniformity at the reemission target surface by analysis of compact holraum configuration of 6 or more - PWA pinches proposed in Ref. [2] to reach better symmetry of hohlraum exposure. The scaling of this 6 DPWA sources hohlraum configuration using VisRad for higher current 20 MA generators (as Sandia National Laboratories Z facility) show that central target Trad ~ 85 eV is reachable. VisRad simulation has shown that x-ray power flux in new compact hohlraum might be ~1.3 times higher if W sources will be changed with Au sources. (10.1109/PLASMA.2015.7179859)
DOI : 10.1109/PLASMA.2015.7179859
Double and single planar wire arrays at high and low impedance university-scale generators
- Safronova Alla S.
- Kantsyrev Viktor L.
- Weller Michael E.
- Shlyaptseva V. V.
- Shrestha I. K.
- Stafford A.
- Lorance M. Y.
- Cooper M. C.
- Patel S. G.
- Steiner A. M.
- Yager-Elorriaga D. A.
- Jordan N. M.
- Gilgenbach R. M.
- Coverdale C. A.
- Jones B.
- Williamson Kenneth M.
- Chuvatin Alexandre S.
, 2015, pp.3C-6. Single Planar Wire Arrays (SPWA) and Double Planar Wire Arrays (DPWA), which consist of one or two parallel rows of wires, respectively, have demonstrated high radiation efficiency (up to 30 kJ), compact size (1.5-3 mm), and usefulness for various applications in experiments on the high-impedance Zebra (1.9Ω, 1 MA, 100 ns). For example, DPWAs are very suitable for the new compact multi-source hohlraum concept, astrophysical applications, and as an excellent radiation source. Their implosion dynamics strongly depends on the critical load parameter, the aspect ratio Φ (width to inter-planar gap Δ) as well as on load wire material and mass. We have studied implosion dynamics and radiative properties of DPWAs at the enhanced Zebra current of 1.5-1.7 MA and have demonstrated the new regimes of implosions with asymmetric jets, no precursor formation, and very early radiation for larger sized (Δ=9 mm, Φ=0.54) and precursor formation and strong cold Ka emission for standard sized (Δ=6 mm, Φ=1.28) DPWAs. (10.1109/PLASMA.2015.7179769)
DOI : 10.1109/PLASMA.2015.7179769
Modeling of Radial Correlation Doppler Reflectometry response to density turbulence wave number spectra
- Pinzon Javier
- Blanco E.
- Happel T.
- Conway G. D.
- Estrada T.
- Hennequin Pascale
- Stroth U.
- Asdex Upgrade Team The
, 2015.
Observation of Strongly Intermittent Density Turbulence in ASDEX Upgrade I-mode plasmas.
- Happel T.
- Hetzenecker A.
- Manz P.
- Hennequin Pascale
- Ryter F.
- Bernert M.
- Conway G. D.
- Fietz S.
- Honoré Cyrille
- Stroth U.
- Viezzer E.
- Asdex Upgrade Team The
, 2015.
Turbulence spatial structure and its scaling with rho
- Hennequin Pascale
- Schneider Philip
- Happel T.
- Ryter F.
- Birkenmeier G.
- Medvedeva A.
- Conway G. D.
- Bottereau C.
- Clairet F.
- Guimarais L.
- Gürcan Özgür D.
- Honoré Cyrille
- Morel Pierre
- Nikolaeva V.
- Prisiazhniuk D.
- Stroth U.
- Vermare Laure
- Asdex Upgrade Team
, 2015.
Principal component analysis of electron beams generated in K-shell aluminum X-pinch plasma produced by a compact LC-generator
- Yilmaz Mehmet Fatih
- Danisman Yusuf
- Larour Jean
- Arantchouk Léonid
High Energy Density Physics, Elsevier, 2015, 15 (06), pp.43-48. Principal component analysis (PCA) method is applied and compared with the line ratios of H-like and He-like transitions, in order to investigate the effects of electron beam on the K-shell Aluminum synthetic spectra. It is also used as a diagnostics to estimate the plasma parameters of K-shell Al X-pinch plasma spectrum. This spectrum is produced by the explosion of two 25-μm Al wires on a compact LC (40 kV, 200 kA) generator. The database for the principal component extraction is created over a previously developed, non-LTE, collisional radiative K-shell Aluminum model. As a result, PCA shows an agreement with the line ratios which are sensitive to plasma electron temperatures, densities and beam fractions. Principal component analysis also illustrates that the addition to the non-LTE model of a fraction f of electrons in an energetic beam, generates the clusters in a three dimensional vector space which are translations of each other and follows reverse v-shaped cascade trajectories, except for the f = 0.0 case. Modeling of a typical shot by PCA gives the plasma electron temperature of Te = 100 eV, density of Ne = 1 × 1020 cm−3 and hot electron fraction of f = 0.2 (with a beam energy centered at 10 keV). (10.1016/j.hedp.2015.03.010)
DOI : 10.1016/j.hedp.2015.03.010
Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at the magnetopause : theory and observations
- Rossi Claudia
, 2015. Solar Wind (SW) and the Earth's magnetosphere interaction is mediated by the magnetopause. The SW carries with it the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) which interacts with northwards geomagnetic field lines causing magnetic reconnection (MR) events that make SW particles to be tranferred into the Earth's magnetosphere. If the IMF is directed northward, MR takes place at high latitude, but it is not efficient enough to justify the amount of SW plasma observed by satellites inside the magnetosphere. During northwards conditions one observe the formation of a wide boundary layer (BL) at the low latitude. This BL is thought to be driven by the the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) , originating from the velocity shear between SW and the almost static near-Earth plasma. Numerical simulations (NS) have shown that the long time evolution of the KHI depends strongly on the initial large scale field profiles used as initial conditions. In order to make a further step towards the comprehension of this complex system, it is imperative to combine satellite data and NS. The idea here is to initialize NS by using in-situ observations of the main field profiles since only a correct initialization can reproduce the correct dynamics. The main results achieved in this work are: characterize the turbulence inside KH vortices and the small scale MR; select one event where there is a combination of a satellite measurements before and after KH develops, find that density and velocity profiles are shifted by a distance comparable to their shear lengths and that this initial shift cause a different evolution of the KHI leading to a final state in agreement with satellites observations.
Observation of Strongly Intermittent Density Turbulence in ASDEX Upgrade I-mode plasmas
- Happel T.
- Hetzenecker A.
- Manz P.
- Hennequin Pascale
- Ryter F.
- Bernert M.
- Conway G. D.
- Fietz S.
- Honoré Cyrille
- Stroth U.
- Viezzer E.
- Asdex Upgrade Team The
, 2015.
Experimental Study of Turbulence spatial structure and its scaling with rho
- Hennequin Pascale
- Schneider Philip
- Happel T.
- Ryter F.
- Birkenmeier G.
- Medvedeva A.
- Conway G. D.
- Bottereau C.
- Clairet F.
- Guimarais L.
- Gürcan Özgür D.
- Honoré Cyrille
- Morel Pierre
- Nikolaeva V.
- Prisiazhniuk D.
- Stroth U.
- Vermare Laure
- Asdex Upgrade Team
, 2015.
Cleaning and doping of CVD graphene using tailored voltage waveform capacitively coupled plasma
- Marinov Daniil
- Bruneau Bastien
- Johnson Erik
- Booth Jean-Paul
, 2015.
Ion flux asymmetry obtained by sawtooth-like waveforms: A new degree of freedom in capacitively coupled plasmas
- Bruneau Bastien
- Gans T.
- O'Connell D.
- Greb Arthur
- Lafleur Trevor
- Johnson Erik
- Booth Jean-Paul
, 2015.
Étude du transport turbulent dans les plasmas du tokamak Tore Supra : observation des écoulements perpendiculaires stationnaires et du mode acoustique géodésique
- Storelli A.
, 2015. Les tokamaks, machines toroïdales à confinement magnétique conçues pour porter un plasma aux conditions nécessaires à l'obtention de réactions de fusion, ont des performances limitées par le transport turbulent, dont les mécanismes ne sont pas tous élucidés. Les fluctuations turbulentes alimentent des écoulements macroscopiques, dits flots zonaux, dont le cisaillement réduit en retour le niveau de fluctuation. Des dispositifs de rétrodiffusion Doppler ont été installés sur Tore Supra (CEA Cadarache) et permettent de mesurer la vitesse perpendiculaire des fluctuations. Premièrement, il est montré que la vitesse moyenne est près de deux fois supérieure du côté externe du plasma que dans sa partie supérieure, au-delà des prédictions conventionnelles. Ces asymétries sont mises en perspective avec certains aspects de l'équilibre magnétique et des caractéristiques des fluctuations. Puis, les oscillations de la vitesse, attribuées à la branche des flots zonaux dite mode géodésique acoustique (GAM), ont été caractérisées dans des expériences où la collisionalité varie. Elles sont comparées aux prédictions théoriques et aux résultats d'une simulation avec le code gyrocinétique GYSELA, utilisant les profils expérimentaux d'équilibre. La fréquence du GAM dans l'expérience est plus faible que prédit, en particulier aux plus basses collisionalités. Les variations de son intensité, détectées avec la transformée de Hilbert-Huang, montrent des bouffées d'oscillations de distributions analogues entre expérience et simulation, et dont la durée pourrait être liée à son interaction non-linéaire avec la turbulence ainsi qu'au phénomène d'amortissement de continuum observé dans la simulation.
Numerical investigations on a compact magnetic fusion device for studying the effect of external applied magnetic field oscillations on the nuclear burning efficiency of D-T and p-11B fuels
- Moustaizis S. D.
- Lalousis P.
- Hora Heinrich
- Larour Jean
- Auvray Philippe
- Balcou Philippe
- Ducret J.-E.
- Martin P.
, 2015, 9515, pp.95151E (June 2, 2015). The burning process of high density (about 10**18cm-3), high temperature (tens to hundreds of keV) plasma trapped by a high mirror-like magnetic field in a Compact Magnetic Fusion (CMF) device is numerically investigated.. The initial high density and high temperature plasma in the CMF device is produced by ultrashort high intensity laser beam interaction with clusters or thin foils, and two fuels, D-T and p-11B are studied. The spatio-temporal evolution of D-T and p-11B plasmas, the production of alphas, the generated electric fields and the high external applied magnetic field are described by a 1-D multifluid code. The initial values for the plasma densities, temperatures and external applied magnetic field (about 100 T) correspond to high β plasmas. The main objectives of the numerical simulations are: to study the plasma trapping, the neutron and alpha production for both fuels, and compare the effect of the external applied magnetic field on the nuclear burning efficiency for the two fuels.. The comparisons and the advantages for each fuel will be presented. The proposed CMF device and the potential operation of the device within the ELI-NP pillar will be discussed. © (2015) (10.1117/12.2182402)
DOI : 10.1117/12.2182402
Current Status of MPPE (Mercury Plasma Particle Experiment) on BepiColombo/MMO
- Saito Y.
- Hirahara M.
- Barabash S.
- Delcourt Dominique
- André N.
- Takashima T.
- Asamura K.
, 2015, 17, pp.15573. Mercury's plasma/particle environment has gradually become clear thanks to the new observations made by MESSENGER spacecraft orbiting around Mercury. However, it is also true that many questions will be left unsolved. In order to elucidate the detailed plasma structure and dynamics around Mercury, an orbiter BepiColombo MMO (Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter) is going to be launched in 2016 as a joint mission between ESA and ISAS/JAXA. Mercury Plasma/Particle Experiment (MPPE) is a comprehensive instrument package for plasma, high-energy particle and energetic neutral atom measurements. It consists of 7 sensors: two Mercury Electron Analyzers (MEA1 and MEA2), Mercury Ion Analyzer (MIA), Mass Spectrum Analyzer (MSA), High Energy Particle instrument for electron (HEP-ele), High Energy Particle instrument for ion (HEP-ion), and Energetic Neutrals Analyzer (ENA). Currently, the MPPE sensors are on the MMO spacecraft under system integration test at ISAS/JAXA (Institute of Space and Astronautical Science / Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency). Evaluation of the sensor calibration data and the final check of the onboard processing software are being made in order to realize the flawless future plasma/particle observations around Mercury.
Planetary turbulence: survey of Cassini data in the Saturn's magnetosheath
- Hadid L. Z.
- Sahraoui Fouad
- Kiyani Khurom
- Modolo Ronan
- Retinò Alessandro
- Canu Patrick
- Masters Adam
- Dougherty Michele K.
- Gurnett Donald A.
, 2015, 17, pp.EGU2015-3712. Turbulence is one of the most important yet not fully understood topics of modern physics. Understanding turbulence is collisionless plasmas, where kinetic effects mediate interactions between fields and charged particles play, is crucial to apprehend many dynamical processes such as particle heating and acceleration. Among others, one key open issue of plasma turbulence is how the energy associated to magnetic and electric fields is converted, and eventually dissipated, into kinetic and internal energy of the plasma. The planets' magnetosheath present a high level of turbulence that involves both nonlinear stochastic processes and a rich variety of wave phenomena. In comparison with turbulence in the solar wind and in the terrestrial magnetosheath, turbulence around other planets is far less explored. Here, we expand our knowledge in plasma turbulence by exploring the properties of turbulence in the Kronian magnetosheath using the Cassini spacecraft data. These properties include the magnetic field energy spectra, the magnetic compressibility and intermittency at both MHD and kinetic scales. The analysis is based on in-situ data provided by the Fluxgate Magnetometer of the MAG instrument, which measures the magnetic field data with 32ms time resolution and the plasma data from the CAPS/IMS (Cassini Plasma Spectrometer) and the Electron Spectrometer (ELS), during 39 shock-crossings between 2004 and 2005. Similarities and differences with the solar wind were found, in particular about the nature of the turbulence and its scaling laws, as well as the dependence of those properties on the topology of the bow shock.
Kinetic equilibrium for an asymmetric tangential layer with rotation of the magnetic field
- Belmont Gérard
- Dorville Nicolas
- Aunai N.
- Rezeau Laurence
, 2015, 17, pp.5300. Finding kinetic equilibria for tangential current layers is a key issue for modeling plasma phenomena such as magnetic reconnection instabilities, for which theoretical and numerical studies have to start from steady-state current layers. Until 2012, all theoretical models -starting with the most famous "Harris" one- relied on distribution functions built as mono-valued functions of the trajectories invariants. For a coplanar anti-symmetric magnetic field and in absence of electric field, these models were only able to model symmetric variations of the plasma, so precluding any modeling of "magnetopause-like'' layers, which separate two plasmas of different densities and temperatures. Recently, the "BAS" model was presented (Belmont et al., 2012), where multi-valued functions were taken into account. This new tool is made necessary each time the magnetic field reversal occurs on scales larger than the particle Larmor radii, and therefore guaranties a logical transition with the MHD modeling of large scales. The BAS model so provides a new asymmetric equilibrium. It has been validated in a hybrid simulation by Aunai et al (2013), and more recently in a fully kinetic simulation as well. For this original equilibrium to be computed, the magnetic field had to stay coplanar inside the layer. We present here an important generalization, where the magnetic field rotates inside the layer (although restricted to a 180° rotation hitherto). The tangential layers so obtained are thus closer to those encountered at the real magnetopause. This will be necessary, in the future, for comparing directly the theoretical profiles with the experimental ones for the various physical parameters. As it was done previously, the equilibrium is presently tested with a hybrid simulation. Belmont, G.; Aunai, N.; Smets, R., Kinetic equilibrium for an asymmetric tangential layer, Physics of Plasmas, Volume 19, Issue 2, pp. 022108-022118-10, 2012 Aunai, N.; Belmont, G.; Smets, R., First demonstration of an asymmetric kinetic equilibrium for a thin current sheet, Physics of Plasmas, Volume 20, Issue 11, pp. 110702-110702-4, 2013

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